United Kingdom
1.
The official name of the state
is the
Geography
The whole state consists of two large islands and about
5000 smaller ones (e.g. the Isle of Man,
the Isle of Wight – in the English
Channel, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrids,
the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Channel Islands – Jersey, Sark).
The area of the kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the
Its closest neighbours are
Each country of the
National anthem is „God, Save the Queen!“
Each part of the kingdom has
its own symbol:
The relief of the kingdom is variable.
British mountains are low, the Scottish
Highlands are the highest. There is the highest mountain of the British
Isles -
Rivers
and: The most famous English river is The
Thames. It is 215 miles long. It flows through
Lakes can be found in
north
Climate
oceanic (wet, windy,
changeable, the temperatures doesn´t vary), mild, temperate. It winters are
mild and summers are not very hot. Thr average temperature ranges from 4°C in
winter to 16°C in summer.
People
Population: 57 milion, density
of 600 persons per square mile (234 per sq km). Some areas are inhabited more
than the others, p.e. parts of the south-east.
Immigration into
Religion
- there is complete religious freedom in
- only the monarch must belong to the Church of England.
The
Church of England was founded in 1534, when king Henry VIII broke away
from the supermacy (nadvláda) of Rome and declared himself head of the new Church
- The Church of England is sometimes referred to as the
Anglican Church, in the sentence that it is part of a worldwide communion of
churches whose practice and beliefs are very similar.
The
Church of Scotland was created in 1560 by John Knox, who was opposed
(čelit)to episcopal (biskupský) rule and belief tht the English Church had not
mved sufficiently far from Rome.
- The Scotish church followed the teaching of Calvin.
The
Roman Catholic Church virtualy ceased to exist (přestat existovat) in
Britain in the 16th centruy, after the Reformation.
- Toady Catholicism is widely practiced through the
country, but no Catholic can become monarch.
- There are some Free Churches
Jews in Britain
- the firt grouf of Jews came to Britain at the time of
the Norman Conquest. Toady the community of Jews has about 330,000 members and
is estimated to be the second largest Jewish population in Europe.
National economy
In 1926 the British
Commonwealth of Nations – a free association of equal states under one
sovereign – was declared.
The GB belongs to the G-8 countries. Britain is the member of nearly all important
international organizations: UN, NATO,
OECD, EU.
It has a very developped agricultural system. The main
products are wheat, barley, oats (oves), potatoes, beet (třtina), sugar and
flax (len). The animals kept on
British farms are cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry.
The main raw materials are coal, iron, zinc, lead and
oil, tin, chalk
Coal 1) south-east ® Cent
2) Birmingham ® Sheffiels
3) around Newcastle
4) all the Grampian mountains
5) lowlands in Scotland (Glasgow)
Oil – the Northern Sea
® Aberdeen - centre of oil and gas industry
Iron
–
around Birmingham
The main industries are steel, metals, vehicles, shipbuilding,
shipping, banking, textiel, aircraft.
Manufacturing
Steel
® around Birmingham,
Sheffield, Newcastle, Glasgou
Cars ® Birmingham,
Liverpool, South Wales, Cowentry - Rolce
Royce
Ships ® Newcastle,
Glasgow, Belfast
Textiles
® cotton imported
from USA or Egypt ® Manchester, Leeds
- The north has always been associated with heavy
industries, coalmining, iron, steel and textiles, but these are now declining
and new industries must be developed.
- Scotland is famous for its whisky distilleries.
History
The first inhabitants came between 3,500 B.C. and 3,000
B.C. These people came from Europe and lived in the south of England. Stonehenge, a huge circle of standing stones,
was built by these early inhabitants
The first known inhabitants were the Celts. They crossed the English Channel many centuries before
the Christian era. The Celts practiced agriculture and dug up minerals. Their
religion was Druidism and their priests
were famous for their magic arts.
Roman religion led by Julius Caesar invaded
Britain in 55 B.C. The Romans
conquered much of the island and ruled it for almost 400 years. They built a lot. The Romans could not control
the entire island. In the northern part, there lived people called Picts. They attacked Roman settlements.
To keep them out, the Roman soldier built great walls with forts and towers.
The greatest monument they left is the Hadrians´s
Wall, between England and Scotland.
The Romans left
Britain at the beggining of the 5th century. And the island was invaded by groups from Germany and Denmark called Angles, Saxons and Jutes. By the 7th
centruy they controlled the most of the island. The tribes united to become the
Anglo-Saxons. They set up several small kingdoms. The southern part of Britain
soon became known as England. The people became known as the English. They
followed the Germanic religion.
Pop George I decided to convert the Anglo-Saxons to
Christianity. At the end of the 6th century, he sent there a mission of 41
monks under the leadership of monk Augustine. By 700 A.D., all England was Chrstian. One of the monks, called Bede, who stayed in England, wrote the first history of English people.
About 835 A.D., bands of Danes began riding the coast of
England. The English kingdom decided to resist and as their leader, they chose Alfred, King of Wessex, after known as Alfred the Great. He became the King of
England. Afterwards he signed a treaty with Danes and they could rule the northeas
part of the country known as the Danelaw. Alfred was well-educated and he
started a school.
In 1042 the witan made Edward the Confessor King of England. He died withou an heir. The
most powerful noble Harold became
the King of England. But William, Duke
of Normandy, a cousin of Edward the Confessor, claimed that before Edward
died he had promised him the English throne. In 1066 William led an army across the sea to England. They met
Harold´s army in battle near Hastings.
After the battle, on Christmas Day, William, now known as William the Conqueror, was crowned King of England in Westminster
Abbey.
William introduced feudalism
into England. He seized (vzal) the land of English nobels and divided them
among Norman nobels. The nobles became William´s vassals (poddaný). During
William´s rule England learns Norman customs. The wealthy built castles,
cathedrals....
After king Richared
called Lionheart died, his brother John started to rule. He increased the
taxes and ignored the law. The nobles angry and forced John to sign the Magna Charta. It lessened the king´s
power and increased that of the nobles. The Magna Charta brought step towards
democracy.
English
history is connected with the dynasty of Tudors.
The first member on the throne was Hentry VII. His son
became one of the most known from the family.
Henry VIII was born at the end of the
15th centruy. He has an outstanding position among English monarchs. As a young
boy, he was strong, generous, talented and skilled in artistic activities. He
realized the changes taking place in Europe and he wanted to be a powerful
monarch to achieve his goals. His teacher was Thomas More, whom Henry made Lord Chancellor. More was executed,
because he didn´t accept Henry´s second marriage with Anne Boleyn.
The most well known fact about
Hentry VIII is that he had six wives.
1. Catherine of Aragon – widow of Henry´s elder brother Arthur. She
was not able to give him a son, a male heir. He convinced himself that this
must be because the marriage is invalid in the eyes of God. Henry wanted an annulement. But it could
come only from Pope, unfortunately who was under the unfluence of Catherin´s
nephew. Henry´s request led to a conflict with Rome, which resulted in the
establishment of the Church of England.
They had a daughter – Mary I.
2. Ann Boleyn, who was later found quilty for adultery (cizoložství)
and was executed.
hey had a daughter – Elisabeth I. and a son – Edward VI
3. Jane Seymour died while giving birth
4. Anne of Claves – Henry divorced her (their marriage was arranged
only on the base of a portrait)
5. Catherine Howard – executed
6. Catherine Parr outlived him
Henry VIII´s Children
Mary I
- born in 1516, daughter of henry and Catherin of Aragon
- she was declared as a bastard, when Henry repudiated
(zavrdl) her mother
- during her brother´s reign she came under the pressure
to conform to the Protestant faith.
- when she came to the throne, she devoted herself to
the restoration of what she saw as the true religion.
- her marriage with King Philip provoked a rebellion
among the Protestant gentry of Kent.
- during her reign, two bishops and one arcibishop were
burnt at the stake (na hranici). There were among a total of 300 Protestants
victims. Her policy earned her the name Bloody
Mary.
- in the closing months of her reign, the English lost Calais in today´s
France.
Elisabeth I
- was born on 7th September 1533 to Henry and Anne
Boleyn
- she never married and she died at the age of 70 (in
1603) as the last of the Tudors
- she reign 44 years very succesfully and this period is
called The Golden Age of English History
- she was very talented and educated a lot. She could
speak five languages.
- After her mother was executed, the marriage of her
parents was annulled and she became a royal
bastard. Henry died when she was only 13 and she became an orphan.
- Elizabeth was second in line to the throne after Mary.
Her brother died in 1553 and Mary became the Queen of England.
- Elizabeth was implicated
in a dangerous political plot and she was taken into the prison to the
Tower of Londen. At Phillip´s behest (příkaz) she was allowed to return and
Mary accepted her as a heiress.
- Elizabeth was crowned
Queen on the 15 January 1559 and she became Supreme Governor of Church of
England. She wanted to rule not by
force, but by female democracy. She never married in order to protect her
country from others kings and on the other hand in order to keep good
relationships with all the empires around.
- During her reign, great voyages of discovery opened
the world to english trade and conquest. Sir
Walter Raleigh explored the eastern coast of North America and founded
there the first British colony and called it Virginia in honour of the Queen.
- For political purposes she travelled around the
country. Her reign was the golden age of literature, drama, art and music.
- Elizabeth I died in 1603 naming James VI of Scotland,
the son of Mary Stuart, her successor.
Edward VI
- the only son of Henry VIII was a sickly child and died
at the age of 10 of tuberculosis or of over-medication.
Queen Victoria
- she came to the throne in 1837 at the age of 18
- during her reign the British Empire grew and grew and
the queen was the symbol of the continuity and stability of the British way of
life.
- The Victorian age was remarkable for
the expansion in wealth and power in Britain. Many changes were taken place ® industry was replacing agriculture, the
old aristocracy lost tjeir power to the new middle class.
- She reigned for
64 years, longer than any other sovereign in English history
- She was the first monarch to live in Buckingham Palace
Interesting places
Oxford
and Cambridge are the old university towns
Stratford-upon-Avon – the birthplace
of William Shakespeare and the place where his plays are performed at the Shakespeare
Memorial Theatre.
Canterbury – an ancient town
with a majestic cathedral. It is famous for Geoffrey Chaucer´s Canterbury
Tales.
Lake
District – National Park, popular with many tourists and painters.
Bath: remarkably
well-preserved Roman baths and unique architectural beuties
Brighton: famous seaside
town
Plymouth: an ancient port,
famous naval base and modern resort with one of the finest natural harbours in
the world.
Stonehange: built about 2,000
B.C. on Salibury Plain, is thought to be a temple for the worship (uctívání) of
the sun
Cities
In England:
London
Birmingham – the most
industrial city
Leeds
Sheffield
–
steel industry
Manchaster
Bristol
On the south-east coast, there
are ports.
In Scotland: Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen
New
Castle – industrial city – building ships
Komentáře
Přehled komentářů
Распродажа склада, последняя партия по старой цене!
Успей купить PlayStation5 по старой цене!
https://tinyurl.com/2p8muur8
правда ли что казино х хорошее
(ZielaAquah, 5. 3. 2022 10:20)
главное дело только вам автомат monkey
https://consciouslifenews.com/top-3-parental-control-with-phone-tracker-features/11192824/
wfbqDEQLL
get free money on CASH APP
(belleloump, 4. 3. 2022 0:42)
https://poetrysansfrontieres.weebly.com/beyond-the-barricades-blog-page.html
CASH APP refund hack
#cashapphackfree
2022 march updated!
HookahMagic
(GeorgeJof, 26. 2. 2022 22:03)
insta
отличные цены
Лучшие в городе
Доставка в любую точку мира!!!
hookah.magic_su
helo and hi all
(Isacerary, 22. 2. 2022 11:19)
Willingly I accept. The question is interesting, I too will take part in discussion. Together we can come to a right answer.
dfgdlfg2131.32
https://how6youtoknowc.org/map.php
best laptop
(Antonioulcew, 21. 2. 2022 8:24)
best laptop
https://geni.us/4MfUUk
best laptop 2022
https://geni.us/hfRVaQ
best laptop under 500
https://geni.us/svGJ
best laptop under 1000
https://geni.us/baRSYu5
HookahMagic
(GeorgeJof, 21. 2. 2022 4:23)
insta
отличные цены
Лучшие в городе
Доставка в любую точку мира!!!
hookah.magic_su
ванная кабина купить
(Bogdangnp, 19. 2. 2022 11:21)
Приветствую Вас друзья!
Предлагаем Вашему вниманию изделия из стекла для дома и офиса.Наша организация ООО «СТЕКЛОЭЛИТ» работает 10 лет на рынке этой продукции в Беларуси.Стоит задача грамотно и недорого организовать офисное помещение в короткий срок? Возникли трудности с планировкой? Предлагаем оптимальное решение — современные офисные перегородки на заказ, которые позволят офис разделить по отделам или предоставить каждому сотруднику личное рабочее пространство для спокойной, уединенной работы.
Более подробная информация размещена https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vmrY5GSwVaOZLTTZYDu9eRJGb7VqrLSr/view?usp=sharing
От всей души Вам всех благ!
free CASH APP money legit
(belleloump, 17. 2. 2022 3:34)
https://jaywalkingguelph.weebly.com/services.html
CASH APP hack apk
fake CASH APP payment generator
2022 march updated!
Discover Exactly How The Foods You're Eating Everyday Are Making Your Fat Cells SICK
(Jessebut, 15. 2. 2022 23:08)
https://bit.ly/3y8bt5A Among your body's primary fat-burning hormonal agents LOWERS when you go on a diet regimen?
Research has actually revealed that this essential hormone visit as high as 50% after just 7 days of diet programs!
The worst component is, the longer you try to diet regimen, the worse it gets, which is why several "serial dieters" frequently struggle to keep the weight off (if they lose it in any way ...).
The bright side is we're mosting likely to share the nourishment tricks to INCREASE your body's all-natural fat-burning hormones securely and also normally! https://bit.ly/3y8bt5A
Ваш партнер по логистике
(Snime, 11. 2. 2022 2:44)Таможенный агент «ВЭД ЛАЙН» рекомендует первоклассные логистические решения для участников внешнеэкономической торговли, торгующих в Китае и по всему миру. Располагая профессиональных сотрудников, вдобавок агентов в грузовых портах Поднебесной, мы обеспечиваем намерение развития и расширения своих клиентов на этом захватывающем и активном рынке. Имея значительный опыт работы на местном рынке и всемирную сеть, Таможенная компания «ВЭД ЛАЙН» https://ved-line.ru сможет оказать широкий выбор услуг в интересах компаний, планирующих нарастить или закрепить характерное нахождение на рынке. Наши основные услуги содержать в себе мультимодальные перевозки товаров, организацию доставки сборных грузов, таможенную очистку, планирование логистических расчетов и решения для цепочки отгрузок, подготовку и внедрение концепции фактической проверки.
заправка лазерных картриджей xerox минск
(Marinazec, 10. 2. 2022 19:19)
Привет товарищи!
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rKNVebGkEu2OiZTudEEmA6LCkebSN5Hj/view?usp=sharing
Предлагаем Вашему вниманию сервис оргтехники и продажу расходников для дома и офиса.Наша организация «КОПИМЕДИАГРУПП» работает 10 лет на рынке этой продукции в Беларуси.Что мы можем предложить.Заправка лазерных картриджей для черно-белых и цветных принтеров и МФУ. Наш опыт позволяет заправлять картриджи практически любого производителя, наиболее популярные из них HP, Canon, Samsung, Xerox, Ricoh, Brother, Panasonic, Kyocera. При появлении дефектов печати может потребоваться ремонт картриджа, мы также можем выполнить его на выезде. Стоимость весьма демократична, при этом качество отличное.Качество.При заправке картриджей используем тонер только премиального уровня IMEX, TOMOEGAWA (ЯПОНИЯ), StaticControl (США) позволит реже производить ремонт картриджа, а в дальнейшем – отсутствие проблем с принтером, которые очень часто встречаются при использовании некачественного, дешевого тонера.Заправка картриджей с выездом.Наша работа построена таким образом, чтобы максимально освободить ваше время, а ваше участие в данном процессе было минимальным.Заправляем картриджи для принтера с выездом на дом или в офис, вам не придется ехать через весь город и тратить свое время – это мы сделаем за вас. Выезжаем со специальным пылесосом, что позволяет заправить картридж на месте без грязи и пыли и с соблюдением технологического процесса.Доставка картриджей и техники.Курьерская доставка, мы приезжаем к вам, забираем картриджи, заправляем их у себя в мастерской, после чего доставляем заправленные картриджи обратно.Так же и с техникой - заберем ваш принтер в ремонт и привезем обратно исправным.Дисконтная программа.
Мы ориентированы на долгосрочное сотрудничество и поэтому регулярно дарим скидки. При заправке картриджей более двух единиц - Вы уже экономите.
Коль вы относитесь к щепетильным клиентам
(RobertGraic, 8. 2. 2022 16:50)
Если вы относитесь к щепетильным клиентам, цените порядочность, беспорочность, разумные цены, ответственный подход к делу, то услуги компании Автопрокат М4 , которая гордится достигнутым успехом и заслуженной репутацией надежного делового партнера, будут словно мочь кстати.
https://66.ru/news/misc/243701/
https://www.sovross.ru/articles/2215/55253
https://news-burg.ru/doc/aa160e5d-90df-421b-9765-c604c827130b
https://mirokru.ru/prokat-mashin-plyusy-i-nyuansy-uslugi/
https://city.russia.travel/auto/lipetsk
заправка картриджей hp laserjet
(Marinawgy, 8. 2. 2022 12:53)
Здравствуйте друзья!
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rKNVebGkEu2OiZTudEEmA6LCkebSN5Hj/view?usp=sharing
Предлагаем Вашему вниманию сервис оргтехники и продажу расходников для дома и офиса.Наша организация «КОПИМЕДИАГРУПП» работает 10 лет на рынке этой продукции в Беларуси.Заправка картриджей Минск – это скрупулезная и ответственная работа, так как от нее зависит рабочий процесс всей компании или распечатка важного документа. Малейшая ошибка или недоделка приведет к перебоям в работе заказчика, и соответственно к потере нашей репутации и прибыли. Для нас на первом месте стоит репутация, которую мы заработали нелегкими и долгими годами труда. Поэтому выполняя очередной заказ на заправку принтера или ксерокса, мы думаем о клиенте и с полной ответственностью можем гарантировать как качество, так и быстрое исполнение работы. Заявку на вызов Вы можете оставить как на сайте, так и по телефону. Так же в Online чате сбоку. Наш оператор обговорит удобное для Вас время, и наши специалисты прибудут точно в срок. Качество наших работ всегда на высшем уровне, так как у нас работает лучшая команда профессионалов!Рады предложить нашим клиентам:Заправка картриджей с выездом на дом и офис.Ремонт и восстоновление картриджей.Прошивка любого лазерного принтера.Настройка принтера (wi-fi, установка драйверов на компьютер).Замена термопленки и роликов захвата бумаги.Купить картридж к любому лазерному картриджу.Для заказа мастера просто позвоните по указанным телефонам или оставьте завку, выбрав свою модель!
calgary garage contractor
(PatrickVob, 7. 2. 2022 13:23)<a href=https://venkorgroup.com/residential/garages>calgary garage cost</a
стекло для дверей цены
(Bogdanlye, 7. 2. 2022 12:43)
Здравствуйте друзья!
Предлагаем Вашему вниманию изделия из стекла для дома и офиса.Наша организация ООО «СТЕКЛОЭЛИТ» работает 10 лет на рынке этой продукции в Беларуси.Хозяева квартир, загородных домов, коттеджей, а также офисных и торговых помещений для обустройства проемов все чаще выбирают двери из закаленного стекла. Такой материал неспроста стал популярен. По прочности и звукоизоляции стекло не уступает деревянным полотнам, а по износостойкости в разы превосходит другие классические материалы. Кроме всех плюсов технических характеристик, стекло является наиболее декоративным материалом и в ближайшее время точно не выйдет из моды.
Более подробная информация размещена https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vmrY5GSwVaOZLTTZYDu9eRJGb7VqrLSr/view?usp=sharing
Увидимся!
Generic Stromectol without pres online purchase
(kiptdessity, 6. 2. 2022 10:38)
https://ladyup123.com/29268-cost-of-400-mg-amiodarone-canada/
https://hotel-nevada.com/91493-differin-buy-online-nz/
https://cornerstone-recruitment.store/52806-corner-store-viagra/
https://gettysburg-hotel.com/33791-exelon-tts-4-6-mg-24h-btx30-sachets.html
https://odessa-chor.store/74066-flagyl-400-price.html
https://bayharborinn.store/38897-depo-provera-manufacturer-coupon.html
https://kapperskadobon.online/52384-where-is-it-safe-to-buy-viagra/
https://lloydspharmacy.xyz/04519-order-coversyl-4-mg-tablet/
What's you say to people who say techno music, takes no talent?
(mojoheadz, 5. 2. 2022 19:12)My response to people, is a quote from one of favorite guitarists Lucas Mann "Art is not a sport"
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100
Распродажа PlayStation5
(GilbertTautH, 8. 3. 2022 23:06)